Richard,
                    
                
 you asked:
                    
                
> Should I assume then that biological systems are simply
                    
                    > out-of-range for useful applications of QT or QM?
                    
                
                
Not at all. Hameroff & Penrose hypothesize a direct construction
                    
                    of neurons which structures embody QM behaviors. Brian Josephson's
                    
                    "Josephson Junctions" - important QM phenomena in electrical circuity -
                    
                    are being thought as also fundamental to information transmission at
                    
                    synapses.
                    
                
                
Jamie
                    
                
                
                
                
                
Richard Emery wrote:
                    
                    >
                    
                    > Dear FISers,
                    
                    >
                    
                    > As a biologist, whose quantum-theory knowledge comes mostly from
                    
                    > popular sources, I have enjoyed this discussion about what is or
                    
                    > isn't quantum and why a Planck length matters. Obviously there are
                    
                    > pitfalls for anyone who ventures carelessly into the Land of Little
                    
                    > Pieces. But I am not really sure where to step if I try to make some
                    
                    > sense out of QM or QT in a biological context. So far as I can tell
                    
                    > they have no relevance to any biological species, save one, and
                    
                    > furthermore they don't apply to either genetics or evolution.
                    
                    >
                    
                    > What still confuses me, however, concerns the applicable meaning of
                    
                    > quantum information, if there is such a thing, how it is propagated
                    
                    > through physical systems, including biological systems, and whether
                    
                    > or not genetic information is related at all to any other kind of
                    
                    > quantum information that occupies non-biological space and time.
                    
                    >
                    
                    > Should I assume then that biological systems are simply out-of-range
                    
                    > for useful applications of QT or QM?
                    
                    >
                    
                    > Always with appreciation, Richard
                    
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                    Received on Sun Jun 25 18:31:02 2006